1. MMNR is managed as a protective area, with no
extractive uses permitted. However, some of the surrounding
communities face dire economic conditions as a result of limited
grazing land. Many pastoralists are therefore shifting to
cultivation livelihoods, with the affiliated concerns for wildlife
noted above. Should MMNR allow grazing within its borders,
especially at a time when surrounding Maasai communities might
otherwise enclose land for plant-based
agriculture?
2. In class, we have discussed some benefits of
local resource management. However, in this case, we see that the
County Councils have not been effective managers of MMNR. Who
should manage the reserve (Kenya Wildlife Service, County Councils,
other governing units, or private actors)? Should the Narok County
Council adopt the same Conservancy approach as TMCC, or does that
delegation of power raise concerns about the influence of external
actors? If so, what institutions can be put in place to ensure the
Conservancy accounts for local interests?
3. We have discussed the trend towards smaller
private ranches. Although this allocation of property rights has
produced a trend toward fenced enclosures and mechanized
agriculture, many Maasai prefer this subdivision of group ranches.
Their strongest support, particularly in light of past experiences
with outside rule, is based on future land tenure security. Should
Maasai communities own the land in common or as
individuals?
If it is divided, what method should the group
ranches use to allocate property among their current
shareholders?
4. Although tourism increases economic incentives
for wildlife conservation, it also brings a series of potential
problems, including habitat degradation and soil erosion. How
should tourism be regulated within MMNR and surrounding areas? Who
should gain the revenue from these activities, and how should the
revenue be distributed within each participating
community?
5. We have noted a series of problems with each
management approach. Nonetheless, most economic development experts
aim for a “win-win” solution with benefits for both
conservation and community livelihoods. Is a win-win solution
politically and economically feasible in and around MMNR? If so,
what would such an approach entail?
6. Finally, place yourself in the position of a
resource manager, perhaps working for the Mara Conservancy. Other
than the scholarship mentioned in this case study, what other
scientific research would you want available to help with your
decision making process? What other information would be useful in
answering questions 1-5 above?
