1. Feeding relationships
1.1 Food chains
1.2 Food webs
1.3 Ecological pyramids
1.4 Parasites and saprophytes
1.5 Symbiosis and commensalism
2. Interspecies cooperation
3. Habitat partition
3.1 Layering
3.2 Zonation
4. Succession
5. Competition
6. Human activity
6.1 Land use
6.2 Pollution
6.3 Urban development
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Management factors
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15
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